It is increasingly common to see calls for people to check their privilege. This is apparently hard for some to understand, but at least most have some semblance of the fact that our society is generally racist, generally sexist and generally hetero-normative, and that we should bear in mind when we speak to each other that our prejudices and privileges have in impact on our worldview. Our society is sanity-normative too, and this is more difficult still for us to get to grips with. Being "mad" in some sense is something that we generally take to be undesirable, and the existence of mental health services is testament to the fact that society seeks to limit the misery and misfortune which accompanies experiences of psychosis, mood-disorders or "personality disorder". Hoping to affect an improvement in the lives of people with mental health problems should not, however, spill over into the assumption that everything about such individuals is a "deficit" to be fixed, or a "vulnerability" to be managed.
With the rise of identity politics as a lens for thinking about mental health, the languages of anti-(hetero)sexism and anti-racism have been finding their way into the discourse of "mad-chat" too. What does it mean for their to be a "sane" or an "insane" identity, especially when it seems so hard for us to pin down a hard distinction? Just as race, gender and sexuality can become concrete (even sometimes unwanted) identities in spite of considerable fluidity, so too can one's identity as "mental-patient" or "sufferer". Medical histories hang over us, and mental health histories follow people into domains of their lives they had never anticipated. Such individuals acquire "mad" identity. Unlike people of "sane" identity, the question then arises-do I embrace this, or minimise its significance?
If white-privilege, male-privilege and straight-privilege can act as blinkers to participation in online debate, then so too can "sane-privilege", speaking from a position of comfort and failing to consider the ways in which your ideas or suggestions have missed the point or caused offence. As a straight white male who is training to be a psychologist, I am a prime candidate for this sort of oversight, and I have probably made my fair share of blunders in conversations on Twitter where the comforting boundaries keeping professionals and academics safe no longer pertain.
As an exercise in checking my own sane-privilege, I had originally intended to do my own version of Peggy McIntosh's "Unpacking the Invisible Backpack", but I discovered that someone else had already done that much better. Instead, here are some additional ideas about what it might mean, specifically in online discussions:
1. Sane-privilege is communicating only in the set of academic-linguistic rules we have learned in our professional or academic training.
2. Sane-privilege is being able to get angry and express it, without having it taken for a sign of problems with our mental health.
3. Sane-privilege is the freedom to exhibit erratic, playful, explicit or irrational behaviour in online social forums, without the assumption that it is undesirable and beyond our control.
4. Sane-privilege is the freedom to pontificate about whether disorders really exist, drugs or therapies really work or whether ideological positions are or are not superior to others, and not have our hearts sink because the outcome of these debates matter deeply to our well-being.
5. Sane-privilege is the presumption that you can tell other people what else they can try to help them with their mental health and that they should give a damn.
6. Sane-privilege is presuming to tell someone that even if they are sometimes knocked clean off their feed or chased into bed for days at a time by their own state of mind, they do not have an illness.
7. Sane-privilege is presuming to tell someone that even if they spend happy hours conversing with heard voices, or fervently arranging the cosmos into divine and self-referential order, that they do have an illness.
8. Sane-privilege is presuming to tell someone how significant their history of abuse should be to them.
9. Sane-privilege is telling someone how they could redirect their overwhelming desire to self-harm, in a way that won't disturb other people.
10. Sane-privilege is deciding which risks in a person's life are acceptable and which are not.
11. Sane-privilege is the ability to get as drunk, high, sleep-deprived or wired as you like, without it being assumed that you are "relapsing".
Calling out privilege should never be just a silencing tactic. In the contested field of power, dialogue is our only way to proceed. Social media has been excellent for this, putting greater numbers of people on a more equal footing than has been possible previously. It will often make us uncomfortable, especially those of us who are professionals used to speaking in particular languages; but this discomfort is to be positively embraced as part of the ongoing agitation and uncertainty that necessarily accompanies human affairs.
Friday, 21 March 2014
Thursday, 6 March 2014
The Language of Mental Health
"Bipolar": This may win the award for the topic with the most balls talked about it. Luckily ace blogger Charlotte Walker never seems to miss a chance to point out the excesses that surround Bipolar-talk. From the idea that it is "fashionable" because Stephen Fry has it, to the extraordinary presumptuousness of Darian Leader's views on the subject, Bipolar Disorder has had a funny recent history.
"Clinical Judgement": Much as clinicians would like to know the "correct" answer to any given ambiguity, we cannot avoid making judgements in clinical practice as in life. I judge that something I say will provoke aggression, I judge whether it would be good for someone to try this or that therapeutic intervention. Even when guided by evidence, our judgements involve reasoning from the general to the particular. Often these sorts of decisions get called "clinical judgement". While this may have a superficial accuracy (judgement about clinical issues is undeniably clinical in some sense) it also seems calculated to cloak a professionals pronouncements with spurious authority. What lay-person can successfully argue against a "clinical judgment"? When do professionals start to acquire it? I am just 2 years into a clinical training program, but already I have been encouraged by mentors to use my "clinical judgement". I am not saying my judgements don't count for something, and equally they are presumably worth less than those of a seasoned professional who has seen hundreds of cases; but judgements can, by their nature, be contested. If offering them with the haughty prefix "clinical" makes that harder to do then something fishy is probably going on.
"Distress": We could here examine the words "disease" or "disorder" but they have been so thoroughly gone over by various mental health theorists that I have little to add. As a result of that ongoing contention, the safest way currently to talk about mental health problems is to call them "distress". This inoffensive term has banality on its side, but seems to equate the existential terror of a psychotic break with the frustration of having had a bad day at work. Unsatisfactory.
"Evidence Based Practice": A noble ideal, but seldom followed as closely as it might be, and utterly useless if the people who are supposed to provide it are under-qualified to interpret the very evidence upon which their practice is based.
"Formulation": I can't really argue with this use of language. A Psychological Formulation is roughly the same thing as a formulation in regular language use. Alright Formulation, you can go.
"Group": When I worked in mental health, any constructive-seeming activity that more than three people did together could be packaged up and classed as a "group" to make it sound like a bone fide mental health intervention rather than just some people doing something worthwhile. "Cleaning group"; "cooking group"; "young person's group" are all genuine examples. It drove me up the wall.
"Healing": I am extremely skeptical about "healing", which we can use describe our own experience, but not to make promises to others. Health interventions can be shown to change various sorts of "symptom scores", but I am not aware of a decent "healing" measure, in psychology at least, that has much construct validity. We should probably calm it on the "healing" talk.
"Identity Politics": I think that the notion of "mad" identity is fascinating, and has a long way to run in combating mental health stigma. How compatible is it with the movement against psychiatric diagnosis? On the one hand we have the notion of neurodiversity and a distinct "mad-identity", which calls for accommodation of a range of different neural-cognitive types. On the other hand, there's the tendency to focus on people's commonalities while denying that differences could be meaningfully "diagnosable". These two ideas are not incompatible, but they are very different directions of travel. Twitter's @SchizoTribe account is "run by Schizophrenics" for anyone "with a Schizophrenic illness". This makes me wonder if denial of the existence of an illness is no less an infringement of someone's identity than making a diagnosis; an idea with which I think psychologists have to engage more seriously.
"Manipulative": I once had the good fortune to work on an excellent female inpatient ward. Prior to the hospital's opening we were given a very good talk about how frequently it is said of people with personality disorders that they are being "manipulative". The take home lesson was that this word should not be used to describe the behaviour of vulnerable people as it stigmatises their actions. I agree entirely, and I would add that the feeling among staff of being-manipulated is nonetheless sometimes very real. If you feel like you are being manipulated then you are very likely in the presence of someone who is generally deprived of something they feel they desperately need. Your feeling manipulated is not the result of something perpetrated by conniving, dastardly-patients, it is a circumstance arising from an adaptive response to a subjectively desperate situation.
"Practice-Based Evidence": The rejoinder to Evidence Based Practice. This is espoused by clinicians who feel the information we can glean from "clinical experience" (see "clinical judgement") is marginalised by nomothetic research. Is this true? Maybe, but let's be clear, even the most experienced clinician does not have experience which equates to a meta-analysis of multiple RCTs documenting health outcomes for thousands of people. This is not just a numbers game either, it's about a long view and the systematic ruling out of confounds and examination for bias. Experience and case reporting is very valuable but it has a different, complementary, role to play in the development of reliable knowledge.
"Recovery": Imagine asking a doctor the following question: "Can you help me recover?" What would you hope for them to say? The answer would surely involve an estimate of how likely you are to feel better on the basis of information about your problem and likely interventions. In mental health recovery means...something else altogether. I would not descry the general thrust of "recovery-oriented" approaches, but the fact that we find it so hard a word to define suggests that our use of it is in a state of disrepair. There is a difference between the advocacy of therapeutic optimism alongside societal accommodation of the needs of a diverse range of people, and telling clients-regardless of their difficulties-that you can do something that will help them "recover".
"Service User": I have a personal dislike of this awkward little two word phrase. Who wants to be a "user" of anything, let alone anything so non-descript as a "service". Strictly speaking this usage ought to unite people who use oncology services, mental health services and those who go to a garage get their car checked over. In reality it seems mainly to apply in mental health, a field sufficiently fraught that it needs as banal a vocabulary as it can muster. I am not advocating some fightback for the word "patient" per se, instead I try as far as possible to refer to people as "person", "individual" or, ideally, whatever they feel comfortable with.
"Survivor": I wouldn't begrudge anyone the use of "survivor" as a way of talking about their identity; being a psychiatric patient seems a tremendous ordeal to say the very least. However this post by Natasha Tracy gives an alternative view on the ways this word has come to be used.
"Therapy": (See also "Group"). Examples: "eco-therapy" "insulin-coma therapy". If something sounds like a good idea (spending time in nature) then lets explore the reality of how helpful it can be. If it doesn't (putting someone into an artificial coma and seeing what happens when we bring them round) then that may tell us something too. As the Mental Elf's close relative the Mental Sprite might say: image is nothing, evidence is everything.
"Validity": Often used alongside the phrase "psychiatric diagnosis has no..." Less often (with notable exceptions) accompanied by a description of what sort of information would be taken to satisfactorily rebut the claim.
"Wellness": In a situation where you can't sensibly talk about "illness", you are equally debarred from a sensible discussion about what constitutes "health". Luckily the language of "wellness" is sufficiently elastic that mental health professionals can, if they choose, be both paternalistic (deciding what is and is not in line with "wellness") and hypocritical (denying they are engaging in value judgements). Enter "wellness" which, like "recovery", can mean everything and nothing all at once.